← Back to all countries
Estonia
The northernmost of the three Baltic states, Estonia is a small, digitally advanced nation on the Gulf of Finland. The capital Tallinn boasts a beautifully preserved medieval Old Town and a thriving tech sector — Estonia pioneered e-governance, digital identity, and gave the world Skype. With over 2,000 islands and extensive forests, over half the country is woodland.
Major cities: Tallinn, Tartu, Narva, Pärnu
2024
1.4M
UN
2050
1.2M
UN
2100
826K
UN
~2200
1.0M
GPU
~2500
1.0M
GPU
Population1.4M
Fertility (TFR)1.36
Life expectancy79.3
Median age41.9
Infant mortality1.6 per 1,000
Pop. density32/km²
Urbanization71%
Youth share (0-14)16%
Land area42,730 km²
LanguageEstonian 67%
ReligionUnaffiliated
HDI0.905 (#36)
RegionEurope
Latest available year is shown in parentheses where the source series varies across indicators. Governance metrics use World Bank percentile ranks; battle deaths and military spending are context variables, not direct fertility drivers.
UN WPP 2024 — verified data through 2100
| Year | Population | TFR | Life Exp. | CBR | CDR | Net Migration | Growth |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 1.10M | 2.27 | 66.4 | 18.3 | 12.4 | +8K | 0.6% |
| 1955 | 1.17M | 2.11 | 68.2 | 17.8 | 11.3 | +4K | 0.6% |
| 1960 | 1.22M | 1.98 | 69.3 | 16.5 | 10.8 | +8K | 0.6% |
| 1965 | 1.29M | 1.90 | 70.7 | 14.4 | 10.6 | +9K | 0.4% |
| 1970 | 1.36M | 2.17 | 70.4 | 15.6 | 11.2 | +6K | 0.4% |
| 1975 | 1.42M | 2.04 | 70.1 | 14.9 | 11.6 | +7K | 0.3% |
| 1980 | 1.48M | 2.02 | 69.5 | 14.9 | 12.3 | +5K | 0.3% |
| 1985 | 1.53M | 2.13 | 69.8 | 15.4 | 12.6 | +5K | 0.3% |
| 1990 | 1.57M | 2.04 | 69.9 | 14.2 | 12.4 | -3K | 0.2% |
| 1995 | 1.45M | 1.37 | 67.8 | 9.4 | 14.4 | -13K | -0.5% |
| 2000 | 1.40M | 1.35 | 71.0 | 9.3 | 13.2 | -3K | -0.4% |
| 2005 | 1.35M | 1.51 | 73.0 | 10.6 | 12.8 | -5K | -0.2% |
| 2010 | 1.33M | 1.72 | 75.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | -4K | 0.0% |
| 2015 | 1.31M | 1.58 | 77.7 | 10.5 | 11.6 | +4K | -0.1% |
| 2020 | 1.33M | 1.59 | 78.9 | 10.0 | 11.5 | +4K | -0.2% |
| 2024Now | 1.36M | 1.36 | 79.3 | 8.0 | 12.2 | -8K | -0.4% |
| 2025 | 1.34M | 1.37 | 79.5 | 7.9 | 12.3 | -13K | -0.4% |
| 2030 | 1.30M | 1.42 | 80.3 | 7.4 | 12.6 | -0K | -0.5% |
| 2035 | 1.27M | 1.45 | 81.1 | 7.7 | 13.0 | +0K | -0.5% |
| 2040 | 1.24M | 1.47 | 81.8 | 8.4 | 13.4 | +0K | -0.5% |
| 2045 | 1.21M | 1.49 | 82.5 | 8.7 | 13.9 | +0K | -0.5% |
| 2050 | 1.17M | 1.51 | 83.2 | 8.3 | 14.2 | +0K | -0.6% |
| 2055 | 1.14M | 1.52 | 83.9 | 7.6 | 14.4 | +0K | -0.7% |
| 2060 | 1.10M | 1.53 | 84.5 | 7.1 | 14.8 | +0K | -0.8% |
| 2065 | 1.06M | 1.54 | 85.1 | 7.2 | 15.2 | +0K | -0.8% |
| 2070 | 1.02M | 1.54 | 85.7 | 7.6 | 15.7 | +0K | -0.8% |
| 2075 | 981K | 1.55 | 86.3 | 8.0 | 15.9 | +0K | -0.8% |
| 2080 | 945K | 1.55 | 86.9 | 8.0 | 15.8 | +0K | -0.8% |
| 2085 | 911K | 1.56 | 87.5 | 7.7 | 15.0 | +0K | -0.7% |
| 2090 | 881K | 1.56 | 88.1 | 7.4 | 14.2 | +0K | -0.7% |
| 2095 | 853K | 1.57 | 88.6 | 7.2 | 14.0 | +0K | -0.7% |
| 2100 | 826K | 1.57 | 89.2 | 7.4 | 14.6 | +0K | -0.7% |