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Mongolia
The world's most sparsely populated sovereign nation, Mongolia is a vast landlocked country of steppes, mountains, and the Gobi Desert between Russia and China. The capital Ulaanbaatar is home to nearly half the country's entire population. Mongolia's nomadic herding traditions endure — the nation has more horses than people — and the legacy of Genghis Khan's 13th-century empire remains central to national identity.
Major cities: Ulaanbaatar, Erdenet, Darkhan, Choibalsan
2024
3.5M
UN
2050
4.5M
UN
2100
5.5M
UN
~2200
5.0M
GPU
~2500
1.0M
GPU
Population3.5M
Fertility (TFR)2.63
Life expectancy72.0
Median age26.8
Infant mortality11.4 per 1,000
Pop. density2/km²
Urbanization70%
Youth share (0-14)33%
Land area1,558,500 km²
LanguageMongolian
ReligionBuddhist
HDI0.747 (#104)
RegionAsia
Latest available year is shown in parentheses where the source series varies across indicators. Governance metrics use World Bank percentile ranks; battle deaths and military spending are context variables, not direct fertility drivers.
UN WPP 2024 — verified data through 2100
| Year | Population | TFR | Life Exp. | CBR | CDR | Net Migration | Growth |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 782K | 5.50 | 38.6 | 40.6 | 24.3 | 0K | 1.6% |
| 1955 | 849K | 6.06 | 40.7 | 42.4 | 24.4 | 0K | 1.8% |
| 1960 | 978K | 6.82 | 44.5 | 44.1 | 22.9 | +10K | 2.1% |
| 1965 | 1.13M | 7.38 | 48.7 | 43.6 | 20.3 | +6K | 2.3% |
| 1970 | 1.30M | 7.31 | 52.0 | 40.4 | 16.8 | +3K | 2.4% |
| 1975 | 1.49M | 7.07 | 54.3 | 39.3 | 14.8 | +7K | 2.5% |
| 1980 | 1.70M | 6.21 | 55.2 | 38.4 | 13.5 | -1K | 2.5% |
| 1985 | 1.92M | 5.26 | 56.4 | 38.5 | 12.5 | -2K | 2.6% |
| 1990 | 2.16M | 4.21 | 58.8 | 34.1 | 10.5 | -12K | 2.4% |
| 1995 | 2.34M | 2.74 | 60.9 | 24.0 | 8.5 | -7K | 1.5% |
| 2000 | 2.46M | 2.25 | 63.5 | 20.8 | 7.1 | -11K | 1.4% |
| 2005 | 2.56M | 1.99 | 64.8 | 18.6 | 7.0 | -9K | 1.2% |
| 2010 | 2.70M | 2.52 | 67.1 | 23.7 | 6.8 | -6K | 1.7% |
| 2015 | 2.98M | 3.01 | 69.2 | 26.5 | 6.3 | +4K | 2.0% |
| 2020 | 3.29M | 2.95 | 70.0 | 22.3 | 6.5 | 0K | 1.6% |
| 2024Now | 3.48M | 2.63 | 72.0 | 18.2 | 5.9 | +0K | 1.2% |
| 2025 | 3.52M | 2.58 | 72.2 | 17.5 | 6.0 | +0K | 1.2% |
| 2030 | 3.71M | 2.39 | 73.4 | 15.9 | 6.2 | +0K | 1.0% |
| 2035 | 3.89M | 2.25 | 74.6 | 16.6 | 6.5 | -0K | 1.0% |
| 2040 | 4.10M | 2.14 | 75.6 | 17.3 | 6.9 | -0K | 1.0% |
| 2045 | 4.31M | 2.05 | 76.7 | 16.8 | 7.2 | +1K | 1.0% |
| 2050 | 4.50M | 1.99 | 77.7 | 15.3 | 7.5 | -0K | 0.8% |
| 2055 | 4.66M | 1.95 | 78.6 | 13.7 | 7.8 | +0K | 0.6% |
| 2060 | 4.79M | 1.91 | 79.5 | 13.0 | 8.0 | +1K | 0.5% |
| 2065 | 4.91M | 1.89 | 80.4 | 13.0 | 8.2 | +1K | 0.5% |
| 2070 | 5.03M | 1.87 | 81.3 | 13.0 | 8.4 | +1K | 0.5% |
| 2075 | 5.15M | 1.84 | 82.1 | 12.6 | 8.5 | +1K | 0.4% |
| 2080 | 5.25M | 1.83 | 82.8 | 12.1 | 8.4 | +0K | 0.4% |
| 2085 | 5.34M | 1.82 | 83.6 | 11.5 | 8.3 | +0K | 0.3% |
| 2090 | 5.42M | 1.81 | 84.3 | 11.1 | 8.5 | +0K | 0.3% |
| 2095 | 5.48M | 1.80 | 85.0 | 10.9 | 9.0 | +1K | 0.2% |
| 2100 | 5.52M | 1.79 | 85.7 | 10.8 | 9.8 | -0K | 0.1% |