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Poland
The largest country in Central Europe by area, Poland sits at the crossroads of the continent with a turbulent history of partitions, invasions, and remarkable resilience. The capital Warsaw was almost entirely rebuilt after its near-total destruction in World War II. Poland has experienced one of Europe's most successful post-communist economic transformations and joined the EU in 2004.
Major cities: Warsaw, Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław
2024
38.5M
UN
2050
32.8M
UN
2100
19.3M
UN
~2200
7.0M
GPU
~2500
3.0M
GPU
Population38.5M
Fertility (TFR)1.30
Life expectancy78.8
Median age41.3
Infant mortality3.7 per 1,000
Pop. density120/km²
Urbanization60%
Youth share (0-14)15%
Land area306,270 km²
LanguagePolish 98%
ReligionChristian
HDI0.906 (#35)
RegionEurope
Latest available year is shown in parentheses where the source series varies across indicators. Governance metrics use World Bank percentile ranks; battle deaths and military spending are context variables, not direct fertility drivers.
UN WPP 2024 — verified data through 2100
| Year | Population | TFR | Life Exp. | CBR | CDR | Net Migration | Growth |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 24.8M | 3.65 | 58.3 | 30.5 | 12.2 | -19K | 1.8% |
| 1955 | 27.1M | 3.55 | 63.1 | 28.8 | 10.1 | -28K | 1.9% |
| 1960 | 29.6M | 3.00 | 67.1 | 22.6 | 7.9 | -6K | 1.5% |
| 1965 | 31.3M | 2.54 | 69.4 | 17.4 | 7.5 | -22K | 1.0% |
| 1970 | 32.5M | 2.25 | 69.6 | 16.6 | 8.4 | -67K | 0.8% |
| 1975 | 34.0M | 2.28 | 70.6 | 19.1 | 8.7 | -31K | 1.0% |
| 1980 | 35.6M | 2.28 | 70.5 | 19.7 | 9.5 | -42K | 1.0% |
| 1985 | 37.2M | 2.32 | 70.5 | 18.2 | 10.1 | -27K | 0.8% |
| 1990 | 38.1M | 2.06 | 70.6 | 14.4 | 10.3 | -50K | 0.4% |
| 1995 | 38.4M | 1.63 | 72.0 | 11.3 | 10.1 | -53K | 0.1% |
| 2000 | 38.3M | 1.37 | 73.6 | 9.9 | 9.7 | -16K | 0.0% |
| 2005 | 38.1M | 1.24 | 75.1 | 9.6 | 9.6 | -42K | 0.0% |
| 2010 | 38.1M | 1.41 | 76.3 | 11.1 | 10.0 | +120K | 0.1% |
| 2015 | 38.3M | 1.32 | 77.6 | 9.9 | 10.0 | +4K | 0.0% |
| 2020 | 38.2M | 1.38 | 76.6 | 9.4 | 12.0 | +4K | -0.3% |
| 2024Now | 38.5M | 1.30 | 78.8 | 8.0 | 10.8 | -238K | -0.3% |
| 2025 | 38.1M | 1.31 | 79.0 | 7.8 | 11.0 | -331K | -0.3% |
| 2030 | 37.2M | 1.33 | 79.8 | 7.0 | 11.5 | -6K | -0.5% |
| 2035 | 36.2M | 1.35 | 80.7 | 7.0 | 12.4 | -4K | -0.5% |
| 2040 | 35.2M | 1.37 | 81.5 | 7.3 | 13.5 | -5K | -0.6% |
| 2045 | 34.0M | 1.39 | 82.3 | 7.5 | 14.3 | -5K | -0.7% |
| 2050 | 32.8M | 1.40 | 83.0 | 7.2 | 14.7 | -4K | -0.8% |
| 2055 | 31.5M | 1.41 | 83.7 | 6.5 | 14.9 | -5K | -0.8% |
| 2060 | 30.1M | 1.42 | 84.4 | 6.1 | 15.5 | -2K | -0.9% |
| 2065 | 28.7M | 1.44 | 85.0 | 6.1 | 16.7 | -3K | -1.1% |
| 2070 | 27.1M | 1.45 | 85.6 | 6.4 | 18.0 | -1K | -1.2% |
| 2075 | 25.5M | 1.45 | 86.2 | 6.7 | 18.7 | -2K | -1.2% |
| 2080 | 24.0M | 1.46 | 86.8 | 6.8 | 18.7 | -2K | -1.2% |
| 2085 | 22.7M | 1.46 | 87.4 | 6.6 | 17.9 | -2K | -1.1% |
| 2090 | 21.5M | 1.47 | 87.9 | 6.3 | 16.9 | -2K | -1.1% |
| 2095 | 20.4M | 1.48 | 88.5 | 6.3 | 16.5 | -2K | -1.0% |
| 2100 | 19.3M | 1.49 | 89.0 | 6.4 | 16.7 | -1K | -1.0% |